Principle

Aluminum, chromium or nickel metals are heated to melting states under vacuum. Glass or other substrates are placed next to metal sources. When metal becomes molten, it gains enough energy. Metal ions are then emitted from molten metal under vacuum. This energy corresponds to the accelerating potential applied between substrates and metal sources which are known as energy analyzer. Metal ions randomly migrate under vacuum. When ions come in contact with substrates, they bombard on substrate surfaces and thus, adhere on them.